L’employeur qui souhaite licencier un salarié doit, tout d’abord, le convoquer par écrit à un entretien préalable, puis lui adresser une notification de licenciement dans laquelle il précise les motifs de sa décision. Aussi, un licenciement verbal, c’est-à-dire qui n’est pas motivé et notifié par écrit au salarié, est considéré comme étant sans cause réelle et sérieuse.
Conséquence : le salarié qui fait l’objet d’un licenciement verbal peut saisir le conseil de prud’hommes afin d’obtenir des indemnités pour licenciement sans cause réelle et sérieuse.
Et les juges sont intransigeants en la matière ! En effet, dans une affaire récente, ils ont estimé que l’employeur qui avait demandé au salarié de quitter immédiatement l’entreprise avait prononcé un licenciement verbal. Et surtout, que ce licenciement ne pouvait pas être régularisé a posteriori par l’envoi d’une lettre de convocation à un entretien préalable au licenciement. Peu importait que le salarié ait reçu cette lettre le jour même où le licenciement verbal avait été prononcé.
À noter : dans une affaire antérieure, les juges avaient déjà précisé qu’un licenciement verbal ne pouvait pas non plus être régularisé par l’envoi postérieur d’une lettre de rupture.
L’employeur qui veut licencier un salarié a donc intérêt à respecter toutes les étapes de la procédure (entretien préalable, notification écrite du licenciement…). Sachant que si les faits reprochés au salarié sont suffisamment graves, l’employeur peut l’écarter du cabinet durant la procédure de licenciement en lui notifiant une mise à pied conservatoire. Une mise à pied qui, idéalement, lui sera communiquée par lettre remise en mains propres contre décharge ou par lettre recommandée avec accusé de réception.
Cassation sociale, 10 janvier 2017, n° 15-13007
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