Lorsqu’une personne physique se porte caution envers un créancier professionnel (par exemple, un dirigeant de société envers une banque en contrepartie de l’octroi d’un crédit) et que le contrat est établi par acte sous seing privé (c’est-à-dire sans l’intervention d’un notaire), elle doit, au-dessus de sa signature sur le contrat, écrire de sa main la mention suivante : « en me portant caution de [la société X], dans la limite de la somme de … € couvrant le paiement du principal, des intérêts et, le cas échéant, des pénalités ou intérêts de retard et pour la durée de … ans, je m’engage à rembourser au prêteur les sommes dues sur mes revenus et mes biens si [la société X] n’y satisfait pas elle-même ».
Et attention, si cette mention fait défaut ou n’est pas correctement reproduite, l’acte de cautionnement est nul.
De même, si la durée indiquée dans la mention manuscrite n’est pas suffisamment précise, le cautionnement risque d’être annulé par les juges.
Tel a été le cas d’un cautionnement, souscrit par le gérant d’une société pour garantir les dettes de celle-ci, dont la mention stipulait un engagement de la caution jusqu’au 31 janvier 2014 « ou toute autre date reportée d’accord » entre le créancier et le débiteur principal (c’est-à-dire la société). Pour les juges, cette mention ne permettait pas au gérant qui s’était porté caution de connaître, au moment de son engagement, la date limite de celui-ci.
À noter : pour les juges, le fait que la caution, en sa qualité de gérant de la société, aurait évidemment connaissance d’un éventuel report de la date de son engagement, n’a pas à entrer en ligne de compte.
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