Les frais de recouvrement entrepris sans titre exécutoire (comme une décision de justice, un titre délivré par un huissier de justice en cas de non-paiement d’un chèque…) restent en principe à la charge du créancier. En demander le paiement au débiteur constitue une pratique irrégulière, qui peut être sanctionnée par un emprisonnement de 2 ans et une amende de 300 000 €.
Précisions : dans les 4 hypothèses suivantes, le créancier peut toutefois facturer au débiteur des frais de recouvrement :
– lorsqu’ils sont liés à un acte dont l’accomplissement est prescrit par la loi au créancier (par exemple, le commandement de payer un loyer) ;
– lorsqu’ils ont été engagés à la suite de la mauvaise foi du débiteur ;
– lorsqu’ils ont été engagés pour recouvrer des sommes qui n’ont pas pu être perçues en raison d’un chèque émis sans provision ;
– lorsque le créancier et le débiteur sont professionnels : le créancier peut alors réclamer une indemnité forfaitaire de 40 €.
Une pratique commerciale trompeuse ?
Les juges ont eu à trancher un litige opposant une société de recouvrement et un débiteur qui avait porté plainte contre celle-ci, lui reprochant de lui avoir facturé des frais supplémentaires, en plus du paiement de la créance réclamée. Ce qui constituait une pratique commerciale trompeuse, selon le débiteur, « reposant sur des allégations, indications ou présentations fausses ou de nature à induire en erreur portant sur le prix ou le mode de calcul du prix du montant total de la somme à recouvrer, et ses conditions de paiement » et « utilisant notamment des mises en demeure écrites sur un ton comminatoire et faisant référence à des citations d’articles de textes législatifs ou règlementaires pour signifier une prétendue légitimité ».
Un argument contesté par la société de recouvrement au motif qu’elle n’exerçait pas d’activité commerciale à l’égard du débiteur, mais du créancier pour le compte duquel elle procédait au recouvrement de la créance. Elle ne pouvait donc pas être poursuivie par le débiteur pour pratique commerciale trompeuse. Mais la Cour de cassation a considéré que la règlementation relative aux pratiques commerciales trompeuses s’appliquait « à toute mesure prise en relation non seulement avec la conclusion d’un contrat, mais aussi avec l’exécution de celui-ci, notamment aux mesures prises en vue d’obtenir le paiement du produit ». Le débiteur pouvait donc valablement agir contre la société de recouvrement sur ce fondement.
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