Architectes : capacité juridique d’envoyer une mise en demeure à une entreprise de travaux

Par septembre 20, 2022Actualité professionnelles

La mise en demeure est un acte par lequel une personne demande, de façon très officielle, à une autre personne avec laquelle elle est liée par un contrat qu’elle exécute ses obligations. Ainsi, par exemple, elle peut être utilisée par un créancier pour demander à son débiteur de régler une somme impayée ou encore par un particulier ou un professionnel pour sommer un artisan ou une entreprise de terminer des travaux dans un certain délai ou de remédier à des malfaçons.

Précision : une mise en demeure est beaucoup plus coercitive qu’une simple lettre de relance car il s’agit d’une véritable sommation susceptible, si elle n’est pas suivie d’effets, d’entraîner des conséquences juridiques comme la mise en œuvre d’une sanction contractuelle (des intérêts de retard, par exemple), la résiliation du contrat ou le déclenchement d’une action en justice. Aussi doit-elle être rédigée avec le plus grand soin et la plus grande précision, dans le respect des règles de fond et de forme qui s’imposent.

À ce titre, les juges ont rappelé récemment, à l’occasion d’un litige portant sur des manquements constatés lors de la construction de logements, qu’une mise en demeure adressée à l’entreprise défaillante pour qu’elle exécute ses obligations contractuelles doit émaner du maître de l’ouvrage (ou de son mandataire) mais pas de l’architecte chargé de la maîtrise d’œuvre, à moins que ce dernier ait reçu un mandat exprès du maître de l’ouvrage pour pouvoir le faire. En effet, l’architecte est un tiers au contrat qui lie le maître de l’ouvrage à l’entreprise de travaux.

Or, dans cette affaire, si le contrat autorisait l’architecte à adresser tous courriers utiles aux entreprises dans le cadre de l’accomplissement de sa mission de direction des travaux, il ne contenait aucun mandat exprès l’autorisant à adresser aux entreprises défaillantes une mise en demeure d’exécuter leurs obligations. La mise en demeure envoyée par l’architecte à l’entreprise de travaux défaillante était donc dépourvue d’effets.


Cassation civile 3e, 7 septembre 2022, n° 21-21382

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