Un créancier professionnel, notamment une banque, ne peut pas se prévaloir d’un cautionnement souscrit par une personne physique (par exemple, un dirigeant pour garantir un prêt contracté par sa société) dont l’engagement était, lorsqu’il a été pris, manifestement disproportionné à ses biens et à ses revenus. Sauf si le patrimoine de cette personne (le dirigeant) lui permet, au moment où la banque lui demande de payer en lieu et place du débiteur (la société), de faire face à son obligation.
À ce titre, les juges viennent d’affirmer que la capacité du dirigeant qui s’est porté caution à faire face à son obligation au moment où la banque lui demande de payer s’apprécie en considération de son endettement global, y compris celui résultant d’autres engagements de caution.
Dans cette affaire, le dirigeant d’une société s’était porté caution pour cette dernière auprès d’une banque en contrepartie de l’octroi d’un prêt. Lorsque la société avait été placée en liquidation judiciaire, la banque avait réclamé au dirigeant le paiement des sommes restées impayées (230 000 €). Ce dirigeant avait alors fait valoir son incapacité à faire face au cautionnement car un autre créancier lui réclamait également le paiement d’une certaine somme d’argent (125 000 €) au titre d’un autre cautionnement qu’il avait souscrit à l’égard de ce dernier. Et qu’il fallait en tenir compte pour apprécier son endettement. Les juges lui ont donné gain de cause.
Observations : par le passé, pour apprécier la capacité de la personne qui s’était portée caution à faire face au cautionnement au moment où le banquier lui demandait de payer, la Cour de cassation avait estimé, au contraire, qu’il ne fallait pas tenir compte des autres cautionnements qu’elle avait consentis et qui n’étaient pas appelés. Les juges viennent donc de changer de position.
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