Pour la première fois, le Conseil d’État énonce qu’un test salivaire de dépistage de drogues peut être effectué par un supérieur hiérarchique lorsque le salarié occupe un poste pour lequel l’usage de stupéfiants constitue un danger pour lui-même et pour les tiers.
Dans cette affaire, une société qui œuvrait dans le domaine du bâtiment avait indiqué dans son règlement intérieur que les salariés affectés à des « postes hypersensibles drogue et alcool », postes identifiés en collaboration avec le médecin du travail et après consultation des délégués du personnel, pouvaient être soumis à des contrôles aléatoires afin de vérifier qu’ils n’exécutaient pas leur travail sous l’emprise de drogue. Ces contrôles prenaient la forme d’un test salivaire pratiqué par le supérieur hiérarchique et permettant le dépistage immédiat de six drogues prohibées.
Pour le Conseil d’État, ce test de dépistage de drogues vise, par le simple recueil d’un échantillon de salive et une lecture instantanée du résultat, à vérifier la consommation récente de stupéfiants. Il ne consiste donc pas en un examen de biologie médicale qui doit être réalisé uniquement par un professionnel de santé : ainsi, le supérieur hiérarchique peut tout à fait se charger de cette mission.
Attention car si les juges autorisent la pratique des tests salivaires de dépistage de drogues, ils la soumettent toutefois à plusieurs conditions à inscrire dans le règlement intérieur ! D’abord, ces tests ne peuvent concerner que les salariés affectés à des postes pour lesquels l’emprise de la drogue constitue un danger particulièrement élevé pour le salarié et pour les tiers (conducteurs de véhicules ou d’engins, salariés manipulant des produits dangereux, des outils ou des charges lourdes…). Ensuite, le salarié soumis à un tel contrôle doit pouvoir demander une contre-expertise médicale payée par l’employeur. Enfin, la personne qui mène ces tests doit être soumise au secret quant à son résultat.
Sous réserve du respect de ces exigences, le salarié dont le test de dépistage est positif peut faire l’objet d’une sanction disciplinaire.
Précision : dans les entreprises qui n’ont pas l’obligation de mettre en place un règlement intérieur, c’est-à-dire celles de moins de 20 salariés, les tests de dépistage de drogues peuvent être prévus dans une note de service. Celle-ci doit respecter les formalités de dépôt et de publicité du règlement intérieur (consultation des délégués du personnel, transmission à l’inspection du travail, information des salariés…).
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