Pour préserver les intérêts de son entreprise, un employeur peut soumettre son salarié à une clause de non-concurrence. Cette clause vise à lui interdire, après son départ de l’entreprise, d’exercer, pour son propre compte ou chez un nouvel employeur, une activité professionnelle concurrente à celle de son ancien employeur.
Pour que cette clause soit inscrite dans le contrat de travail du salarié, il faut cependant que son emploi le justifie et que la clause soit indispensable pour protéger les intérêts légitimes de son ex-employeur. Elle peut ainsi permettre, par exemple, d’éviter un détournement de clientèle, de prévenir la divulgation de secrets de fabrication ou de protéger un savoir-faire spécifique.
Par ailleurs, la clause de non-concurrence doit être limitée dans le temps et dans l’espace et les activités prohibées doivent y être clairement définies pour ne pas empêcher le salarié de trouver un nouvel emploi. Et, élément important, elle doit prévoir le versement d’une contrepartie financière au salarié lors de son départ de l’entreprise.
Le salarié qui ne respecte pas la clause de non-concurrence prévue dans son contrat de travail perd le bénéfice de la contrepartie financière. Mais qu’en est-il de son nouvel employeur ?
Dans une affaire récente, la Cour de cassation a rappelé que l’employeur qui engage un salarié qu’il sait lié par une clause de non-concurrence à son ancien employeur commet une faute délictuelle constitutive de concurrence déloyale. Et ce même s’il existe un faible degré de concurrence entre les deux sociétés. En outre, il n’est pas nécessaire que l’ancien employeur prouve que le nouvel employeur a commis des manœuvres déloyales.
Et en l’absence de clause de non-concurrence ?
L’ex-salarié dont le contrat de travail ne contient pas de clause de non-concurrence est libre de créer une société même si elle exerce une activité concurrente à celle de son ancien employeur. Mais attention, il ne doit pas pour autant agir de manière déloyale !
Ainsi, pour la Cour de cassation, l’ex-salarié non lié par une clause de non-concurrence commet un acte de concurrence déloyale lorsqu’il s’approprie des informations confidentielles, notamment techniques, appartenant à son ancien employeur pour créer sa propre société concurrente.
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